Physics - eduvigyan.com

Basic Physics

Physical World and Measurement

What is Physics?

Units and Measurements

Need for measurement
Units of measurement
systems of units; SI units, fundamental and derived units.
Length, mass, and time measurements
accuracy and precision of measuring instruments
errors in measurement
significant figures
Dimensions of physical quantities
dimensional analysis and its applications

Motion in a Straight Line

Motion in a Plane

Scalar and vector quantities
Position and displacement vectors
general vectors and their notations
equality of vectors
multiplication of vectors by a real number
addition and subtraction of vectors
Relative velocity
Unit vector
Resolution of a vector in a plane
Scalar and Vector product of vectors
Motion in a plane
cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration
projectile motion
Uniform circular motion.

Laws of Motion

Intuitive concept of force.
Inertia
Newton’s first law of motion
momentum and Newton’s second law of motion
impulse
Newton’s third law of motion.
Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications.
Equilibrium of concurrent forces.
Static, kinetic, and limiting friction
laws of friction
rolling friction and lubrication
Dynamics of uniform circular motion
Centripetal force
examples of circular motion (vehicle on a level circular road, vehicle on a banked road)

Work, Energy, and Power

Work done by a constant force
work done by a variable force
kinetic energy
work-energy theorem
power
The notion of potential energy
The potential energy of a spring
conservative forces
conservation of mechanical energy
non-conservative forces
motion in a vertical circle
elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions

System of Particles and Rotational Motion

Centre of mass of a two-particle system
momentum conservation and center of mass motion
Centre of mass of a rigid body
center of mass of a uniform rod
Moment of a force
torque
angular momentum
laws of conservation of angular momentum
Equilibrium of rigid bodies
rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion
comparison of linear and rotational motions
Moment of inertia
radius of gyration
Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects
Statement of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems

Gravitation

The universal law of gravitation
Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth
Gravitational potential energy and gravitational potential
Escape velocity
Orbital velocity of a satellite
Geostationary satellites
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion

Mechanical Properties of Solids

Elastic behaviour
Stress-strain relationship
Hooke’s law
Young’s modulus
bulk modulus
shear modulus of rigidity
Poisson’s ratio
elastic energy

Mechanical Properties of Fluids

pressure due to a fluid column
Pascal’s law
hydraulic lift
hydraulic brakes
effect of gravity on fluid pressure
viscosity
tokes’ law
terminal velocity
streamline and turbulent flow
critical velocity
Bernoulli’s theorem
Surface energy and surface tension
angle of contact
excess of pressure across a curved surface
application of surface tension ideas to drops, bubbles, and capillary rise

Thermal Properties of Matter

Heat
temperature
thermal expansion
thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases
anomalous expansion of water
specific heat capacity; Cp, Cv
calorimetry
change of state
latent heat capacity
Heat transfer-conduction, convection, and radiation
thermal conductivity
Qualitative ideas of Blackbody radiation
Wein’s Displacement Law
Stefan’s law
Greenhouse effect

Thermodynamics

Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature (zeroth law of thermodynamics)
Heat
work and internal energy
First law of thermodynamics
Isothermal and adiabatic processes
Second law of thermodynamics
reversible and irreversible processes
Heat engine and refrigerator

Kinetic Theory

Equation of state of a perfect gas
work done in compressing a gas
Kinetic theory of gases-assumptions
concept of pressure
Kinetic interpretation of temperature
rms speed of gas molecules
degrees of freedom
law of equipartition of energy (statement only) and application to specific heat capacities of gases
concept of mean free path
Avogadro’s number

Oscillations

Periodic motion
time period
frequency
displacement as a function of time
Periodic functions
Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M) and its equation
phase
oscillations of a spring-restoring force and force constant
energy in S.H.M. Kinetic and potential energies
simple pendulum derivation of expression for its time period
Free, forced, and damped oscillations (qualitative ideas only)
resonance.

Waves

Wave motion
Transverse and longitudinal waves
speed of wave motion
Displacement relation for a progressive wave
Principle of superposition of waves
reflection of waves
standing waves in strings and organ pipes
fundamental mode and harmonics
Beats
Doppler effect

Electric Charges and Fields

Electric Charges, Conservation of charge,
Coulomb’s law of force between two-point charges,
forces between multiple charges,
superposition principle and continuous charge distribution,
Electric field, electric field due to a point charge,
electric field lines,
electric dipole,
electric field due to a dipole,
torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field,
Electric flux,
statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet

Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

Electric potential, potential difference,
electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and a system of charges,
equipotential surfaces,
the electrical potential energy of a system of two-point charges, and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field,
Conductors and insulators,
free charges, and bound charges inside a conductor,
Dielectrics and electric polarization,
capacitors and capacitance,
a combination of capacitors in series and in parallel,
the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without a dielectric medium between the plates,
energy stored in a capacitor,

Current Electricity

Electric current, the flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor,
drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current,
Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and nonlinear),
electrical energy and power,
electrical resistivity, and conductivity, the temperature dependence of resistance,
The internal resistance of a cell, potential difference, and emf of a cell,
a combination of cells in series and in parallel,
Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications,
Wheatstone bridge,
meter bridge,
Potentiometer – principle and its applications to measure potential difference and for comparing EMF of two cells, measurement of internal resistance of a cell

Moving Charges and Magnetism

Concept of the magnetic field,
Oersted’s experiment,
Biot – Savart law and its application to the current-carrying circular loop,
Ampere’s law and its applications to an infinitely long straight wire,
Straight and toroidal solenoids,
force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields,
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field,
the force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of the ampere,
torque experienced by a current loop in the uniform magnetic field,
moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter,

Magnetism and Matter

Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment,
magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron,
bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid,
magnetic field lines, earth’s magnetic field, and magnetic elements,

Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic induction,
Faraday’s laws
induced EMF and current,
Lenz’s Law,
Eddy currents,
Self and mutual induction,

Alternating Current

Alternating currents,
peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage,
reactance, and impedance,
LC oscillations,
LCR series circuit, resonance,
power in AC circuits,
AC generator, and transformer,

Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their Transverse nature,
Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses,

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Refraction of light,
total internal reflection and its applications,
optical fibers,
refraction at spherical surfaces,
lenses, thin lens formula,
lensmaker’s formula,
magnification, power of a lens,
combination of thin lenses in contact,
refraction of light through a prism,
Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers,

Wave Optics

Wavefront and Huygens principle,
reflection and refraction of plane waves at a plane surface using wavefronts,
Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle,
Interference,
Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources, and sustained interference of light,
diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum,

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Dual nature of radiation,
Photoelectric effect,
Hertz and Lenard’s observations,
Einstein’s photoelectric equation-particle nature of light,
Experimental study of the photoelectric effect
Matter waves-wave nature of particles,
de-Broglie relation

Atoms

Alpha-particle scattering experiment,
Rutherford’s model of the atom,
Bohr’s model, energy levels,
hydrogen spectrum,

Nuclei

Composition and size of nucleus,
Nuclear force
Mass-energy relation,
mass defect,
nuclear fission,
nuclear fusion,

Semiconductor Electronics: Materials,

Devices and Simple Circuits
Energy bands in conductors,
semiconductors, and insulators,
Semiconductor diode – I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias,
diode as a rectifier, Special purpose p-n junction diodes: LED, photodiode, solar cell,

Problems in Basic Physics

I.E. Irodov Question Number 1.1: A motorboat going downstream overcame a raft at a point $A$ ; $\tau = 60\rm \ min$ later it turned back and after some time passed the raft at a distance $l = 6.0\rm \ km$ from the point A. Find the flow velocity assuming the duty of the engine to be constant.
I.E. Irodov Question Number 2.1 : A vessel of volume $V = 30\rm \ l$ contains ideal gas at the temperature $0^0\rm \ C$ . After a portion of the gas has been let out, the pressure in the vessel decreased by $\Delta P = 0.78\rm \ atm$ (the temperature remaining constant). Find the mass of the released gas. The gas density under the normal conditions $\rho = 1.3\rm \ g/l$ .
I.E. Irodov Question Number 2.2: Two identical vessels are connected by a tube with a valve letting the gas pass from one vessel into the other if the pressure difference $\Delta P \geq 1.10\rm \ atm$ . Initially, there was a vacuum in one vessel while the other contained ideal gas at a temperature $T_1 = 27 \rm \ ^0C$ and pressure $P_1 = 1.00\rm \ atm$ . Then both vessels were heated to a temperature $T_2 =1 07\rm \ ^0C$ . Up to what value will the pressure in the first vessel (which had vacuum initially) increase?
I.E. Irodov Question Number 2.3: A vessel of volume $V = 20\rm \ L$ contains a mixture of hydrogen and helium at a temperature $T = 20\rm \ ^0C$ and pressure $P = 2.0\rm \ atm$ . The mass of the mixture is equal to $m = 5.0\rm \ g$ . Find the ratio of the mass of hydrogen to that of helium in the given mixture.
I.E. Irodov Question Number 2.4: A vessel contains a mixture of nitrogen ( $m_1 = 7.0\rm \ g$ ) and carbon dioxide ( $m_2 = 11\rm \ g$ ) at a temperature $T = 290\rm \ K$ and pressure $P = 1.0\rm \ atm$ . Find the density of this mixture, assuming the gases to be ideal.
I.E. Irodov Question Number 3.1: Calculate the ratio of the electrostatic to gravitational interaction forces between two electrons, and between two protons. At what value of the specific charge $q/m$ of a particle would these forces become equal (in their absolute values) in the case of interaction of identical particle?
Rotational Mechanics Question Number 1: A uniform solid sphere of radius $r$ starts rolling down without slipping from the top of another fixed sphere of radius $R$ . Find the angular velocity of the sphere of radius $r$ at the instant when it leaves contact with the surface of the fixed sphere.
Rotational Mechanics Question Number 2: A solid cylindrical pulley with a mass of $M = 2\rm \ kg$ and radius of $R = 20\rm \ cm$ is free to rotate about its axis. A block of mass $M = 4\rm \ kg$ is attached to the pulley with a light string. Assume the string does not stretch or slip. Calculate (a) the tension in the string and (b) the angular acceleration of the pulley.
Oscillations And Waves Question Number 1: A physical pendulum consists of $4\ \rm m$ long sticks joined together as shown in the figure. What is the pendulum’s period of oscillation about the midpoint of the horizontal stick?
Electric Flux and Gauss Law Question Number 1: A particle of charge $q$ is placed at a corner of a cube of the edge $a$ . What is the flux through (a) each cube face forming that corner and (b) each of the other cube faces?
Electric Flux and Gauss Law Question Number 2: A point charge $q$ of magnitude $4.0\rm\ \mu C$ is placed at the center of the flat surface of a hemisphere of radius $10 \rm \ cm$ . What is the electric flux a) through the curved surface of the hemisphere and b) through the flat surface of the hemisphere?
Electric Flux and Gauss Law Question Number 3: A $10\ \rm nc$ charge is uniformly distributed on a ring of radius $10\ \rm cm.$ A sphere of radius $10\ \rm cm$ is constructed with its center on the circumference of the ring as shown in the figure. Find the electric flux through the sphere.

Quantum Mechanics

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

Nuclear Physics

Cosmology

A Complete History of the Universe (From the Big Bang to the Present Day)

Problems in Advanced Physics

Mass-Energy Equivalence Question Number 1: What is the energy released in the nuclear fusion reaction $\rm _1^2H+_1^2H \rightarrow \ _2^4He + Q$ ?
Mass-Energy Equivalence Question Number 2: The isotope $\rm ^{218}Po$ decays via $\alpha-$ decay. The measured atomic mass of $\rm ^{218}Po$ is $218.00897\rm \ u$ , and the atomic mass of the daughter nucleus is $213.99981\rm \ u$ . Find
1. the Name of the daughter nucleus.
2. the number of nucleons in the daughter nucleus.
3. the atomic number of the daughter nucleus.
4. the number of neutrons in the daughter nucleus.
5. the kinetic energy of the $\alpha-$ particle. (Ignore the recoil of the daughter nucleus.)
Mass-Energy Equivalence Question Number 3: A free neutron can decay into a proton, an electron, and an anti-neutrino. Assume the anti-neutrino’s rest mass is zero, and the rest masses for proton and electron are $1.6726 \times 10^{ -27}\rm \ kg$ and $9.11\times10^{ -31}\rm \ kg$ respectively. Determine the total kinetic energy shared among the three particles when a neutron decays at rest.
Mass-Energy Equivalence Question Number 4: The unified atomic mass unit, denoted by u, is defined to be $\rm 1 u = 1.6605 \times 10^{ -27} \ kg$ . It can be used as an approximation for the average mass of a nucleon in a nucleus, taking the binding energy into account. Find the energy obtained after converting a nucleus of 14 nucleons completely into free energy.
Mass-Energy Equivalence Question Number 5: Can we convert matter completely into energy?
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Question Number 1: The location of a particle is measured with an uncertainty of $2.145\rm \ nm$ .
a) What will be the resulting minimum uncertainty in the particle’s momentum?
b) If the mass of the particle is $4.734 \times 10^{ -27}\rm \ kg$ then what will be the minimum uncertainty in the velocity measurement?
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Question Number 2: The uncertainty in an electron’s position is $10.0\rm \ pm$ .
a) Find the minimum uncertainty in its momentum.
b) Find the minimum uncertainty in its velocity.
c) What will be the kinetic energy of the electron if the momentum is equal to the uncertainty in momentum?
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Question Number 3: A particle’s energy is measured with an uncertainty of $1.1 \times 10^{ -3}\rm \ eV$ . What will be the smallest possible uncertainty in our knowledge of when the particle had the given uncertainty of energy?
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Question Number 4: a) If an electron’s position can be measured to a precision of $2.0 \times 10^{ -8} \rm \ m$ , what will be the uncertainty in its momentum? b) If its momentum is equal to its uncertainty then what will be the electron’s wavelength?
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Question Number 5: Suppose the speed of electrons present in the first shell of an atom is 50% of the speed of light. If the uncertainty in velocity is $1000\rm \ m/s$ , what is the uncertainty in the position of this electron?
Nuclear Landscape Question Number 1: Which one of the following concepts explains why heavy nuclei do not follow the $N = Z$ line?
a) Pauli exclusion principle
b) transmutation
c) Coulomb’s repulsion
d) Heisenberg uncertainty principle
e) particle-wave duality