Physical World and Measurement

• What is Physics?

Units and Measurements

• Need for measurement
• Units of measurement
• systems of units; SI units, fundamental and derived units.
• Length, mass, and time measurements
• accuracy and precision of measuring instruments
• errors in measurement
• significant figures
• Dimensions of physical quantities
• dimensional analysis and its applications

Motion in a Straight Line

• Distance, Displacement, Average Speed, And Average Velocity
• Instantaneous Speed, Instantaneous Velocity, and Instantaneous Acceleration
• Equations of Kinematics for a Linear Motion
• Projectile Motion
• Relative Velocity

Motion in a Plane

• Scalar and vector quantities
• Position and displacement vectors
• general vectors and their notations
• equality of vectors
• multiplication of vectors by a real number
• addition and subtraction of vectors
• Relative velocity
• Unit vector
• Resolution of a vector in a plane
• Scalar and Vector product of vectors
• Motion in a plane
• cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration
• projectile motion
• Uniform circular motion.

Laws of Motion

• Intuitive concept of force.
• Inertia
• Newton’s first law of motion
• momentum and Newton’s second law of motion
• impulse
• Newton’s third law of motion.
• Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications.
• Equilibrium of concurrent forces.
• Static, kinetic, and limiting friction
• laws of friction
• rolling friction and lubrication
• Dynamics of uniform circular motion
• Centripetal force
• examples of circular motion (vehicle on a level circular road, vehicle on a banked road)

Work, Energy, and Power

• Work done by a constant force
• work done by a variable force
• kinetic energy
• work-energy theorem
• power
• The notion of potential energy
• The potential energy of a spring
• conservative forces
• conservation of mechanical energy
• non-conservative forces
• motion in a vertical circle
• elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions

System of Particles and Rotational Motion

• Centre of mass of a two-particle system
• momentum conservation and center of mass motion
• Centre of mass of a rigid body
• center of mass of a uniform rod
• Moment of a force
• torque
• angular momentum
• laws of conservation of angular momentum
• Equilibrium of rigid bodies
• rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion
• comparison of linear and rotational motions
• Moment of inertia
• radius of gyration
• Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects
• Statement of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems

Gravitation

• The universal law of gravitation
• Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth
• Gravitational potential energy and gravitational potential
• Escape velocity
• Orbital velocity of a satellite
• Geostationary satellites
• Kepler’s laws of planetary motion

Mechanical Properties of Solids

• Elastic behaviour
• Stress-strain relationship
• Hooke’s law
• Young’s modulus
• bulk modulus
• shear modulus of rigidity
• Poisson’s ratio
• elastic energy

Mechanical Properties of Fluids

•  pressure due to a fluid column
• Pascal’s law
• hydraulic lift
• hydraulic brakes
• effect of gravity on fluid pressure
• viscosity
• tokes’ law
• terminal velocity
• streamline and turbulent flow
• critical velocity
• Bernoulli’s theorem
• Surface energy and surface tension
• angle of contact
• excess of pressure across a curved surface
• application of surface tension ideas to drops, bubbles, and capillary rise

Thermal Properties of Matter

• Heat
• temperature
• thermal expansion
• thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases
• anomalous expansion of water
• specific heat capacity; Cp, Cv
• calorimetry
• change of state
• latent heat capacity
• Heat transfer-conduction, convection, and radiation
• thermal conductivity
• Qualitative ideas of Blackbody radiation
• Wein’s Displacement Law
• Stefan’s law
• Greenhouse effect

Thermodynamics

• Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature (zeroth law of thermodynamics)
• Heat
• work and internal energy
• First law of thermodynamics
• Isothermal and adiabatic processes
• Second law of thermodynamics
• reversible and irreversible processes
• Heat engine and refrigerator

Kinetic Theory

• Equation of state of a perfect gas
• work done in compressing a gas
• Kinetic theory of gases-assumptions
• concept of pressure
• Kinetic interpretation of temperature
• rms speed of gas molecules
• degrees of freedom
• law of equipartition of energy (statement only) and application to specific heat capacities of gases
• concept of mean free path
• Avogadro’s number

Oscillations

• Periodic motion
• time period
• frequency
• displacement as a function of time
• Periodic functions
• Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M) and its equation
• phase
• oscillations of a spring-restoring force and force constant
• energy in S.H.M. Kinetic and potential energies
• simple pendulum derivation of expression for its time period
• Free, forced, and damped oscillations (qualitative ideas only)
• resonance.

Waves

• Wave motion
• Transverse and longitudinal waves
• speed of wave motion
• Displacement relation for a progressive wave
• Principle of superposition of waves
• reflection of waves
• standing waves in strings and organ pipes
• fundamental mode and harmonics
• Beats
• Doppler effect

Electric Charges and Fields

• Electric Charges, Conservation of charge,
• Coulomb’s law of force between two-point charges,
• forces between multiple charges,
• superposition principle and continuous charge distribution,
• Electric field, electric field due to a point charge,
• electric field lines,
• electric dipole,
• electric field due to a dipole,
• torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field,
• Electric flux,
• statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet

Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

• Electric potential, potential difference,
• electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and a system of charges,
• equipotential surfaces,
• the electrical potential energy of a system of two-point charges, and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field,
• Conductors and insulators,
• free charges, and bound charges inside a conductor,
• Dielectrics and electric polarization,
• capacitors and capacitance,
• a combination of capacitors in series and in parallel,
• the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without a dielectric medium between the plates,
• energy stored in a capacitor,

Current Electricity

• Electric current, the flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor,
• drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current,
• Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and nonlinear),
• electrical energy and power,
• electrical resistivity, and conductivity, the temperature dependence of resistance,
• The internal resistance of a cell, potential difference, and emf of a cell,
• a combination of cells in series and in parallel,
• Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications,
• Wheatstone bridge,
• meter bridge,
• Potentiometer – principle and its applications to measure potential difference and for comparing EMF of two cells, measurement of internal resistance of a cell

Moving Charges and Magnetism

• Concept of the magnetic field,
• Oersted’s experiment,
• Biot – Savart law and its application to the current-carrying circular loop,
• Ampere’s law and its applications to an infinitely long straight wire,
• Straight and toroidal solenoids,
• force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields,
• Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field,
• the force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of the ampere,
• torque experienced by a current loop in the uniform magnetic field,
• moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter,

Magnetism and Matter

• Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment,
• magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron,
• bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid,
• magnetic field lines, earth’s magnetic field, and magnetic elements,

Electromagnetic Induction

• Electromagnetic induction,
• Faraday’s laws
• induced EMF and current,
• Lenz’s Law,
• Eddy currents,
• Self and mutual induction,

Alternating Current

• Alternating currents,
• peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage,
• reactance, and impedance,
• LC oscillations,
• LCR series circuit, resonance,
• power in AC circuits,
• AC generator, and transformer,

Electromagnetic Waves

• Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their Transverse nature,
• Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses,

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

• Refraction of light,
• total internal reflection and its applications,
• optical fibers,
• refraction at spherical surfaces,
• lenses, thin lens formula,
• lensmaker’s formula,
• magnification, power of a lens,
• combination of thin lenses in contact,
• refraction of light through a prism,
• Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers,

Wave Optics

• Wavefront and Huygens principle,
• reflection and refraction of plane waves at a plane surface using wavefronts,
• Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle,
• Interference,
• Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources, and sustained interference of light,
• diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum,

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

• Dual nature of radiation,
• Photoelectric effect,
• Hertz and Lenard’s observations,
• Einstein’s photoelectric equation-particle nature of light,
• Experimental study of the photoelectric effect
• Matter waves-wave nature of particles,
• de-Broglie relation

Atoms

• Alpha-particle scattering experiment,
• Rutherford’s model of the atom,
• Bohr’s model, energy levels,
• hydrogen spectrum,

Nuclei

• Composition and size of nucleus,
• Nuclear force
• Mass-energy relation,
• mass defect,
• nuclear fission,
• nuclear fusion,

Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits

• Energy bands in conductors,
• semiconductors, and insulators,
• Semiconductor diode – I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias,
• diode as a rectifier, Special purpose p-n junction diodes: LED, photodiode, solar cell,